The stone will be analyzed after it comes out of your body, and your doctor will test your blood for calcium, phosphorus and uric acid. The doctor may also ask that you collect your urine for 24 hours to test for calcium and uric acid. There are four types of stones. Studying the stone can help understand why you have it and how to reduce the risk of further stones. The most common type of stone contains calcium. Calcium is a normal part of a healthy diet.
The kidney usually removes extra calcium that the body doesn't need. Often people with stones keep too much calcium. This calcium combines with waste products like oxalate to form a stone. The most common combination is called calcium oxalate. Less common types of stones are: Infection-related stones, containing magnesium and ammonia called struvite stones and stones formed from monosodium urate crystals, called uric acid stones, which might be related to obesity and dietary factors.
The rarest type of stone is a cvstine stone that tends to run in families. Kidney stones increase the risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Drinking enough fluid will help keep your urine less concentrated with waste products. Darker urine is more concentrated, so your urine should appear very light yellow to clear if you are well hydrated.
Most of the fluid you drink should be water. Most people should drink more than 12 glasses of water a day. Speak with a healthcare professional about the right amount of water that's best for you. Sugar and high-fructose corn syrup should be limited to small quantities. Eat more fruits and vegetables, which make the urine less acid. When the urine is less acid, then stones may be less able to form.
Animal protein produces urine that has more acid, which can then increase your risk for kidney stones. You can reduce excess salt in your diet. What foods are high in salt? Everyone thinks of salty potato chips and French fries. Those should be rarely eaten. There are other products that are salty: sandwich meats, canned soups, packaged meals, and even sports drinks. You want to try to get to a normal weight if you are overweight. But, high-protein weight loss diets that include high amounts of animal-based protein, as well as crash diets can add to the risk of stone formation.
You need adequate protein, but it needs to be part of a balanced diet. Seek guidance from a registered dietitian when embarking on a weight loss diet or any dietary interventions to reduce the risk of kidney stones. Don't be confused about having a "calcium" stone. Dairy products have calcium, but they actually help prevent stones, because calcium binds with oxalate before it gets into the kidneys. People with the lowest dietary calcium intake have an increased risk of kidney stones.
A stone can form from salt, the waste products of protein, and potassium. The most common type of kidney stone is a calcium oxalate stone. Most kidney stones are formed when oxalate, a by product of certain foods, binds to calcium as urine is being made by the kidneys.
Both oxalate and calcium are increased when the body doesn't have enough fluids and also has too much salt. Based on blood and urine tests, your doctor will determine which types of dietary changes are needed in your particular case. Some herbal substances are promoted as helping prevent stones.
You should know that there is insufficient published medical evidence to support the use of any herb or supplement in preventing stones. To guide you, they need to know your medical history and the food you eat.
Here are some questions you might ask:. Kidney stones are found in children as young as 5 years. In fact, this problem is so common in children that some hospitals conduct 'stone' clinics for pediatric patients. The increase in the United States has been attributed to several factors, mostly related to food choices.
The ureters are tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder. If a stone leaves the kidney and gets stuck in the ureter, it is called a ureteral stone. Kidney stones come in many different types and colors. How you treat them and stop new stones from forming depends on what type of stone you have. Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stone.
There are two types of calcium stones: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Calcium oxalate is by far the most common type of calcium stone. Some people have too much calcium in their urine, raising their risk of calcium stones.
Even with normal amounts of calcium in the urine, calcium stones may form for other reasons. Uric acid is a waste product that comes from chemical changes in the body. Uric acid crystals do not dissolve well in acidic urine and instead will form a uric acid stone. Having acidic urine may come from:. Struvite stones are not a common type of stone. These stones are related to chronic urinary tract infections UTIs.
Some bacteria make the urine less acidic and more basic or alkaline. Magnesium ammonium phosphate struvite stones form in alkaline urine. These stones are often large, with branches, and they often grow very fast.
People who get chronic UTIs, such as those with long-term tubes in their kidneys or bladders, or people with poor bladder emptying due to neurologic disorders paralysis, multiple sclerosis, and spina bifida are at the highest risk for developing these stones. Cystine is an amino acid that is in certain foods; it is one of the building blocks of protein.
Cystinuria too much cystine in the urine is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder. It is when the kidneys do not reabsorb cystine from the urine. When high amounts of cystine are in the urine, it causes stones to form. Cystine stones often start to form in childhood. Common symptoms of kidney stones include a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side. This feeling often moves to the lower abdomen or groin. The pain often starts suddenly and comes in waves. It can come and go as the body tries to get rid of the stone.
A major risk factor for kidney stones is constant low urine volume. Low urine volume may come from dehydration loss of body fluids from hard exercise, working or living in a hot place, or not drinking enough fluids. When urine volume is low, urine is concentrated and dark in color. Concentrated urine means there is less fluid to keep salts dissolved.
Increasing fluid intake will dilute the salts in your urine. By doing this, you may reduce your risk of stones forming. Adults who form stones should drink enough fluid to make at least 2. On average, this will take about 3 liters ounces of fluid intake per day. While water is likely the best fluid to drink, what matters most is getting enough fluid.
Diet can also affect the chance of forming a stone. One of the more common causes of calcium kidney stones is high levels of calcium in the urine. High urine calcium levels may be due to the way your body handles calcium. It is not always due to how much calcium you eat. Lowering the amount of calcium in your diet rarely stops stones from forming. Studies have shown that restricting dietary calcium can be bad for bone health and may increase kidney stone risk. Health care providers usually do not tell people to limit dietary calcium in order to lower urine calcium.
But calcium intake should not be too high. Instead of lowering dietary calcium intake, your health care provider may try to reduce your urine calcium level by decreasing your sodium salt intake. Too much salt in the diet is a risk factor for calcium stones. This is because too much salt is passing into the urine, keeping calcium from being reabsorbed from the urine and into the blood.
Reducing salt in the diet lowers urine calcium, making it less likely for calcium stones to form. Because oxalate is a component of the most common type of kidney stone calcium oxalate , eating foods rich in oxalate can raise your risk of forming these stones. A diet high in animal protein, such as beef, fish, chicken and pork, can raise the acid levels in the body and in the urine.
High acid levels make it easier for calcium oxalate and uric acid stones to form. The breakdown of meat into uric acid also raises the chance that both calcium and uric acid stones will form. Certain bowel conditions that cause diarrhea such as Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis or surgeries such as gastric bypass surgery can raise the risk of forming calcium oxalate kidney stones.
Diarrhea may result in loss of large amounts of fluid from the body, lowering urine volume. Your body may also absorb excessive oxalate from the intestine, resulting in more oxalate in your urine.
Both low urine volume and high levels of urine oxalate can help to cause calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Obesity is a risk factor for stones. Obesity may change the acid levels in the urine, leading to stone formation. Some medical conditions have an increased risk of kidney stones. Abnormal growth of one or more of the parathyroid glands, which control calcium metabolism, can cause high calcium levels in the blood and urine.
This can lead to kidney stones. Another condition called distal renal tubular acidosis, in which there is acid build-up in the body, can raise the risk of calcium phosphate kidney stones. Some rare, inherited disorders can also make certain types of stones more likely. Examples include cystinuria, which is too much of the amino acid cystine in the urine, and primary hyperoxaluria, in which the liver makes too much oxalate.
Some medications, and calcium and vitamin C supplements, may increase your risk of forming stones. Be sure to tell your health care provider all the medications and supplements you take, as these could affect your risk of stone formation.
Do not stop taking any of these unless your health care provider tells you to do so. The chance of having kidney stones is much higher if you have a family history of stones, such as a parent or sibling. Other people have their stones diagnosed when sudden pain occurs while the stone is passing, and medical attention is needed.
When a person has blood in the urine hematuria or sudden abdominal or side pain, tests like an ultrasound or a CT scan may diagnose a stone. These imaging tests tell the health care provider how big the stone is and where it is located. A CT scan is often used in the ER when a stone is suspected. It is used because it can make a quick and exact diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type of stone, how bad it is and the length of time you have had symptoms. There are different treatments to choose from.
It is important to talk to your health care provider about what is best for you. Often you can simply wait for the stone to pass. Smaller stones are more likely than larger stones to pass on their own.
Waiting up to four to six weeks for the stone to pass is safe as long as the pain is bearable, there are no signs of infection, the kidney is not completely blocked and the stone is small enough that it is likely to pass. While waiting for the stone to pass, you should drink normal amounts of water.
You may need pain medication when there is discomfort. Certain medications have been shown to improve the chance that a stone will pass. The most common medication prescribed for this reason is tamsulosin. Tamsulosin Flomax relaxes the ureter, making it easier for the stone to pass. You may also need pain and anti-nausea medicine as you wait to pass the stone.
Kidney stones should be removed by surgery if they cause repeated infections in the urine or because they are blocking the flow of urine from the kidney.
Today, surgery usually involves small or no incisions cuts , minor pain and minimal time off work. Shock waves are focused on the stone using X-rays or ultrasound to pinpoint the stone. Repeated firing of shock waves on the stone usually causes the stone to break into small pieces. These smaller pieces of stones pass out in the urine over a few weeks. Because of possible discomfort caused by the shock waves and the need to control breathing during the procedure, some form of anesthesia is often needed.
SWL does not work well on hard stones, such as cystine, some types of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones, or very large stones. With SWL, you may go home the same day as the procedure. You may be able to resume normal activities in two to three days.
You may also be given a strainer to collect the stone pieces as they pass. These pieces will be sent to the laboratory to be tested. Although SWL is widely used and considered very safe, it can still cause side effects.
You may have blood in your urine for a few days after treatment. Most stone pieces pass painlessly. Larger pieces may get stuck in the ureter, causing pain and needing other removal procedures. Ureteroscopy URS is used to treat stones in the kidney and ureter.
URS involves passing a very small telescope, called an ureteroscope, into the bladder, up the ureter and into the kidney. Rigid telescopes are used for stones in the lower part of the ureter near the bladder.
If passed without care of a urologist, the severe pain can last upwards of a year. Having a kidney stone pass easily also involves where the location of the mineral buildup is within the renal system. While formation takes place inside the kidneys, the hardened stones can also be found in the ureters — the thin tubes that allow urine to pass from the kidneys into the bladder.
After moving through the kidneys and ureters, kidney stones can be located inside the bladder, waiting to exit the body. Research has shown that kidney stones inside the ureter, which are closer to the bladder, have a 79 percent chance of passing on their own. Kidney stones higher up in the ureter only have shown a 48 percent chance of passing without medical treatment. After identifying the size and location of your kidney stone, follow the recommended treatment by your doctor.
Drinking water can help flush out your renal system and move along kidney stones. Drinking water: By consuming as much as 3 liters of water a day, this will help flush out your renal system. Take pain medication: Kidney stones can be extremely painful, therefore, taking pain medication like ibuprofen can help make the passing less agonizing.
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