Using a potty is a new skill for your child to learn. It's best to take it slowly and go at your child's pace. Being patient with them will help them get it right, even if you sometimes feel frustrated. Children are able to control their bladder and bowels when they're physically ready and when they want to be dry and clean.
Every child is different, so it's best not to compare your child with others. It usually takes a little longer for children to learn to stay dry throughout the night. Although most learn this between the ages of 3 and 5, up to 1 in 5 children aged 5 sometimes wet the bed. Remember, you cannot force your child to use a potty. If they're not ready, you will not be able to make them use it. In time, they will want to use one — most children will not want to go to school in nappies any more than you would want them to.
Most parents start thinking about potty training when their child is between 2 and 2 and a half, but there's no perfect time. Some people find it easier to start in the summer, when there are fewer clothes to take off and washed clothes dry more quickly. Try potty training when there are no great disruptions or changes to your child's or your family's routine. It's important to stay consistent, so you do not confuse your child. If you go out, take the potty with you, so your child understands that you'd like them to wee or poo in the potty every time they need to go.
Check that any other people who look after your child can help with potty training in the same way as you. You can try to work out when your child is ready. There are a number of signs that your child is starting to develop bladder control:.
Potty training is usually fastest if your child is at the last stage before you start the training. If you start earlier, be prepared for a lot of accidents as your child learns.
Talk about your child's nappy changes as you do them, so they understand wee and poo and what a wet nappy means. If you always change their nappy in the bathroom when you're at home, they will learn that's the place where people go to the loo. Helping you flush the toilet and wash their hands is also a good idea. Leave a potty where your child can see it and explain what it's for. Children learn by watching and copying.
If you've got an older child, your younger child may see them using it, which will be a great help. It helps to let your child see you using the toilet and explain what you're doing. Using your child's toys to show what the potty is for can also help. Make process relaxed and pleasant; avoid criticism. Avoid making negative comments about stool or criticizing child. Let child use potty-chair voluntarily; once child shows interest, take him or her to the potty-chair two to three times daily.
Praise success. Negative reinforcement through punishment or decreased positive attention for accidents. Parent-oriented training method. Begin bowel and bladder training at two to three weeks of age.
Place infant on toilet after large meal or if shows signs of eliminating. Reward successful voids with food or affection. Begin at birth. Learn to recognize infant body language, noises, and elimination patterns. Place infant over sink, toilet, or special miniature potty-chair while parent makes sound of running water. Some increased interest for this method in the United States since Information from reference 9. Empiric data comparing the various methods of toilet training are limited. In , the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ developed an evidence report on toilet training to evaluate the effectiveness of various toilet-training methods and the factors that influence their effectiveness.
Meta-analysis was not possible because of the extreme heterogeneity and poor methodologic quality of these studies. No trials directly compared the child-oriented method with the Azrin and Foxx method; however, one study showed the Azrin and Foxx method to be more effective than Dr. Spock's method. Some evidence suggests that toddlers using the latter, more intensive method achieve continence sooner, but how long these outcomes are sustained is unclear.
The Brazelton child-oriented approach is strongly supported in the pediatric literature. Introduced in , it emphasizes gradual toilet training beginning only after specific physical and psychological milestones are achieved. Supporting evidence comes from a s retrospective chart review of Brazelton's clinic patients. Whether his patients actually used this approach is unknown, because parents were encouraged to find methods that worked best for their families.
Few outcome studies on the child-oriented approach have been published over the past 40 years. Snacks or treats optional. Begin training when specific physical and psychological milestones are met usually around 18 months of age; introduce potty-chair and teach child to associate it with the toilet. Ask child to sit on potty-chair fully clothed; child may sit in close proximity when a parent is using the toilet; use potty-chair in any room or outside to accustom child to sitting on it; allow child to get off the chair at any time; talk to child or read a story during sits.
After one to two weeks of fully clothed sits, remove diaper and have child sit on potty-chair; do not insist that child use the potty-chair at this point. If child soils his or her diaper, take both child and soiled diaper to potty-chair and empty diaper into chair; explain that this is where stool goes. Once child understands, take him or her to potty-chair several times daily.
As child becomes more confident, remove diaper for short intervals; place potty-chair in close proximity to child and encourage independent use; provide gentle reminders as needed. After these steps are mastered, use training pants, instructing child on how to pull them up and remove them. Training area with minimal distractions and interruptions.
Doll that wets pants. Training pants. Short T-shirt. List of real or imaginary characters admired by child. Provide immediate positive reinforcement e. Asking about, approaching, or sitting on potty-chair.
Manipulating pants. Urinating or defecating in potty-chair. Do not reinforce refusal or other uncooperative acts. Consequences for accidents:. Omit reinforcements. Verbal reprimand. Child changes wet pants by him- or herself. Demonstrate correct steps for toileting using a doll. When doll wets, have child empty potty-chair basin into toilet, flush, replace basin, and wash hands. Teach child to differentiate between wet and dry; perform pants checks every three to five minutes and reward dry pants.
Give child enough fluids to cause strong, frequent desire to urinate. Encourage child to go to potty-chair, pull down pants, sit for several minutes, and then get up and pull up pants; if child urinates or defecates in potty-chair, reward with praise or a treat.
After a productive sit, have child empty potty basin and replace it. Perform pants checks every five minutes and have child help. Start with child sitting on potty-chair for 10 minutes; after several productive sessions, reduce duration. Move toward child initiating request to use potty-chair. As child masters the task, provide praise only for successfully completed sits. Check pants before naps and meals for the following three days; praise child for dry pants; for wet pants, have child change him- or herself and perform additional positive practice sessions.
Guidelines from the AAP incorporate many components of the child-oriented approach. The guidelines recommend that training begin after 18 months of age using a potty-chair, and that parents assess readiness by looking for signs that suggest interest in toilet training Table 3. Uses words, facial expressions, or movements indicating the need to urinate or defecate. Information from reference 6. Azrin and Foxx recommend operant conditioning and the use of training components that facilitate learning.
Their method was the first to describe objective criteria for determining training readiness. Specifics of the method are described in Table 2. Although the Azrin and Foxx method is the subject of more research, its acceptability is less understood than other methods. According to one survey of pediatricians, the intensive method of toilet training is less likely to be recommended to patients. All methods seem equally capable of achieving toilet-training success in healthy children.
Parents who want quick results may have more success with the intensive method, although being comfortable with the regimen and emphasizing positive reinforcement increase the odds of success. Parents with less time or fewer resources may prefer the child-oriented approach, although a longer training duration is likely.
Tailoring the method to the individual family situation is essential. Approximately 2 to 3 percent of children develop problems during toilet training. Stool toileting refusal is diagnosed when a child who has been trained to urinate in the toilet refuses to defecate in the toilet for at least one month. The authors of one RCT of suburban children found that stool toileting refusal affected 22 percent of those studied.
One RCT examined an intervention to treat stool toileting refusal in children 17 to 19 months of age. The duration of stool toileting refusal and time to completion of training were significantly shorter in the treatment group. However, parents may not consider stool toileting refusal to be a problem because it usually resolves without intervention and is not linked with behavioral issues.
Stool withholding involves the child doing physical maneuvers in an attempt to avoid defecation e. To help your child stay on the potty, you can have some books on hand for them to page through. Children also must be able to communicate that they need to go by either telling you with words or signals that they need to get to the bathroom.
Their ability to tell you they need the potty is key to you being able to help them, particularly when you are away from home and a restroom may not be readily accessible. Since the urge to use the bathroom is often sudden in toddlers and a potty isn't always a few steps away, it's important for your child to be able to make it to the toilet before an accident occurs. If they are still struggling to walk and run, they aren't ready.
Get diet and wellness tips to help your kids stay healthy and happy. American Academy of Pediatrics. The right age to toilet train. Kiddoo DA. Toilet training children: when to start and how to train. Wu HY. Can evidence-based medicine change toilet-training practice?
Arab J Urol. Updated November 2, Choby BA, George S. Toilet training. Am Fam Physician. Emotional growth needed for toilet training. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellFamily.
At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. Your Child Shows Interest. They Know When They Go If a child isn't really aware of what they are doing, they are unable to control the process of doing it.
Pretty clear signs that your child recognizes when they need to go or are in the process of going: They head to a private room to pee or poop They hide behind furniture or curtains to go They point to or touch their diaper as they are peeing or pooping. How to Encourage Independence. Your Child Can Undress To potty train, your child must be able to easily pull their pants up and down.
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