With his forces depleted by the harsh Alpine crossing, Hannibal met the powerful army of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River. Late in B. By the spring of B. While the Roman general Varro massed his infantry in the center with his cavalry on each wing—a classic military formation—Hannibal maintained a relatively weak center but strong infantry and cavalry forces at the flanks.
When the Romans advanced, the Carthaginians were able to hold their center and win the struggle at the sides, enveloping the enemy and cutting off the possibility of retreat by sending a cavalry charge across the rear. In northern Italy in B. This time it was the Romans with the help of their North African allies, the Numidians who enveloped and smothered the Carthaginians, killing some 20, soldiers at a loss of only 1, of their own men.
In honor of his great victory, Scipio was given the name Africanus. In the peace agreement that ended the Second Punic War, Carthage was allowed to keep only its territory in North Africa but lost its overseas empire permanently. It was also forced to surrender its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver, and to agree never again to re-arm or declare war without permission from Rome. Hannibal, who escaped with his life from the crushing defeat at Zama and still harbored a desire to defeat Rome, retained his military title despite accusations that he had botched the conduct of the war.
In addition, he was made a civil magistrate in the government of Carthage. When Rome later defeated Antiochus, one of the peace terms called for the surrender of Hannibal; to avoid this fate, he may have fled to Crete or taken up arms with rebel forces in Armenia. At some point during this conflict, the Romans again demanded the surrender of Hannibal. Finding himself unable to escape, he killed himself by taking poison in the Bithynian village of Libyssa, probably around B.
Start your free trial today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Some of those recruits—particularly the Celts from northern Italy—were motivated more by hatred for Rome than loyalty to Hannibal. The treacherous mountain conditions decimated his army to nearly half its size. The elephants, though, functioned as tanks do today, using their bulk to smash through enemy lines.
Hannibal himself, with the pick of the infantry, brought up the rear, keeping his eyes open and alert for every contingency. The oncoming Romans were trapped when his resilient forces swept around their flanks and enveloped them. That maneuver remains among the most celebrated in military history.
The Battle of Cannae is considered one of the deadliest single days of combat ever fought by a Western army. And some did in southern Italy, where Hannibal and his army held out for more than a dozen years.
But in the end, Hannibal was forced to abandon Italy by a general as bold as he was: Publius Cornelius Scipio. Scipio took the offensive first to Spain and then to North Africa, reckoning that Hannibal would have to engage him there to defend his capital. The two met in the climactic Battle of Zama in B.
Hannibal lost the battle and the war. Carthage ceded to Rome all its territories outside Africa and disbanded its army. Hannibal spent much of his remaining years in exile around the Mediterranean.
He kept his blood oath and maintained his enmity of the Romans until the end, which came around B. Rather than surrender to the Roman forces that had surrounded him, Hannibal poisoned himself. Born Publius Cornelius Scipio in B. The historian Livy penned the first mention of Scipio in the historical record, recounting that in B. After his father was killed in the Second Punic War in B. He was a brilliant tactician, and a string of victories in Spain led to his ultimate victory over Hannibal in North Africa, a triumph that earned him the title Africanus.
The city prospered through silver mining and trade, particularly in purple dye. The imposing harbor was said to hold vessels.
Merchants built large houses—some six stories high—above the harbor on Byrsa Hill. Carthage reached its peak around B.
After the Roman conquest in B. All rights reserved. Both Popil and Lady Murasaki try to dissuade him from hunting the gang. During a confrontation with Lady Murasaki, Lecter almost had sex with her, but relented at the last minute, claiming he had made a promise to Mischa. He attacked Grutas in his home, but Grutas was rescued by his bodyguards.
Grutas kidnapped Lady Murasaki and used her as a lure to draw Lecter to his death. Lecter, donning the Tanto, tracked Grutas to his houseboat. In a final confrontation, Grutas claimed that Lecter too had consumed his sister in broth fed to him by the soldiers, and it was to keep this fact secret that he was killing them. Enraged, Lecter eviscerated him by repeatedly carving his sister's initial into his body.
Lady Murasaki was disturbed by his behavior and fled from him, even after he told her that he loved her. Popil arrested Lecter for the murders, but there was little incentive for a trial; no evidence could be conclusively tied to him, and all the victims had been slavers and war criminals. His victims' association with the Nazis led Lecter to become something of a cause for celebration in France, with communists and students marching for his release.
Lady Murasaki visited him one last time while he was being held by the police, and saw that he had become completely emotionless. After receiving references from Doctor Dumas and from the head of the Police Forensic Laboratory, for whom he has worked as a volunteer, Lecter was released. He left France, killing the final member of the group, Bronys Grentz , while on a vacation in Montreal, before returning to his internship in Baltimore.
Lecter's drawings led to an internship at Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Baltimore, Maryland, where he graduated with a degree in medicine and eventually settled.
Lecter established a psychiatric practice in Baltimore. He became a leading figure in Baltimore society and indulged his extravagant tastes, which he financed by influencing some of his patients to bequeath him large sums of money in their wills.
He became world-renowned as a brilliant clinical psychiatrist, but he had nothing but disdain for psychology; he would later say he didn't consider it a science, criticizing it as "puerile", and comment that most psychology departments were filled with "ham radio enthusiasts and other personality-deficient buffs".
He also mocked the way serial killers were categorized into "organized and disorganized" but wasn't interested in offering an alternative. At some point he bought a cottage where he hid a fake passport and money, anticipating a time as a fugitive. During the mid s in America, Lecter continued his killing spree. During this series of murders, of which he was convicted of, he killed at least nine people and attempting to kill three others. Mason Verger was one known survivor, having gone through psychiatric counseling with Lecter as part of a court order after being convicted of child molestation, and for viciously raping his own sister, Margot , who also went to Lecter for counseling.
Verger invited Lecter to his home in Owings Mills one night after a session, and showed Lecter two caged dogs that he intended to starve and turn against each other. Lecter offered Verger a recreational amyl popper amyl nitrate , but this was actually a cocktail of dangerous hallucinogenic drugs. He then suggested Verger try cutting off his own face with a mirror shard. Verger complied and, again at Lecter's suggestion, fed most of his face to his dogs and ate his own nose.
Lecter then broke Verger's neck with a rope Verger used for auto-erotic asphyxiation and left him to die. Later, the dogs were taken to an animal shelter to have their stomachs pumped, which led to the retrieval of Verger's lips and parts of his forehead; however, the skin graft was unsuccessful. Verger survived but was left hideously disfigured and forever confined to a life support machine.
Benjamin Raspail was Lecter's ninth and final known murder victim in the Chesapeake series before his incarceration. Raspail was a not-so-talented flautist with the Baltimore Philharmonic Orchestra, and it is believed that Lecter killed him because his musicianship, or lack thereof, spoiled the orchestra's concerts; he was also a patient of Lecter's.
Lecter would claim to Clarice Starling that the reason for Raspail's death was that Lecter "got sick and tired of his whining" during their appointments. Raspail's body would be discovered sitting in a church pew with his thymus and pancreas missing, and his heart pierced. It is believed Lecter served these organs at a dinner party he held for the orchestra's board of directors.
The president of the board later developed an alcohol problem and anorexia after learning what was in his meal. Raspail was the former lover of Jame Gumb , who would later be involved in Lecter's life as the serial killer dubbed "Buffalo Bill".
Not much is known about most of his other victims in this series or how they were killed. They can be presumed to have been mutilated and in most cases, eaten. Will Graham described Lecter's actions as "hideous". They were likely to have been his patients. In at least one case, he prepared his victim as an eloquent meal and shared his remains with the victim's fellow musicians. Victims included a person who initially survived, and was taken to a private mental hospital in Denver, Colorado, a bow hunter , a census taker whose liver he ate with "fava beans and a big Amarone", and a Princeton student whom he buried.
Lecter was given sodium amytal by the FBI in the hopes of learning where he buried the student; but Lecter, instead of giving them the location of the buried student, gave them a recipe for potato chip dip, the implication being that the student was in the dip.
Jack Crawford, when discussing the MO of Buffalo Bill, implied that Lecter had personal experience of hanging another person, suggesting that Lecter used this against at least one victim. He had trained himself previously by administering self-hypnosis in case he was ever administered hypnotic drugs.
Lecter committed his last three known murders within a nine-day span. In later years, pictures of Lecter's crimes gained a macabre following on the internet. In the novel Hannibal , there are suggestions that Lecter was the serial killer Il Mostro di Firenze. Il Mostro operated in Florence, killing couples in the s and s, arranging their bodies as art tableaux and taking anatomical trophies.
There was also an eight-year hiatus, the same length of time Lecter was imprisoned. However, Lecter was in prison between and Lecter was caught on Sunday 30th March by Will Graham , an FBI Special Agent and profiler who was investigating a series of murders in the Baltimore area committed by a cannibalistic serial killer, and had sought Lecter out after discovering he'd treated one of the victims for two hunting wounds in his leg.
When Graham questioned Lecter at his psychiatric practice, he noticed some antique medical books in his office. Upon seeing these, Graham instinctively knew Lecter was the killer he sought; the sixth victim had been killed in his workshop and laced to a pegboard in a manner reminiscent of Wound Man , an illustration used in many early medical books.
Graham realized that the hunting wound that led him to Lecter was similar to one in the illustration, which inspired Lecter to further emulate the illustration. Graham left to call the police, but Lecter crept up from behind and stabbed him with a linoleum knife, nearly disemboweling him. After Lecter's arrest, Graham was briefly committed to a mental institution and retired upon recovering from his wounds. Lecter was analyzed by police and psychiatrists.
He deliberately fabricated some facts about himself, such as his age and that he was sadistic towards animals as a child. He refused a medical check up, as he had utter contempt for medical practitioners. His fingerprints were taken, the card containing the prints from his left hand became a cult object. After his escape years later, the card was sent around the world and became a collectible. The courts found Lecter insane; this spared him the death penalty.
He was instead sent to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane for nine consecutive life terms, under administrator Frederick Chilton.
Many of the families of his victims pursued lawsuits against Lecter to have their files destroyed. The FBI exhumed the graves of four patients, as well as two wealthy benefactors, who had died under Lecter's care for further investigation into the cause of their deaths, but were inconclusive. He was nicknamed "Hannibal the Cannibal" in the National Tattler, a tabloid that, thanks to Freddie Lounds, also published unauthorized photos of Graham in the hospital after being attacked by Lecter.
Another officer retired from the FBI after being traumatized after discovering Lecter's basement. Lecter's electroencephalogram EEG showed a highly unusual pattern and, given his history, was ultimately branded "a pure sociopath" by Chilton, although this was because they did not know what to call him.
Many in the field of psychiatry labeled him a "monster". The National Tattler described Lecter's crimes as "unspeakable practices". Lecter, while in custody, was said to be "far too sophisticated" for most forms of psychological evaluation, especially as he enjoyed staying abreast of all of the latest developments in his field.
Since he knew how the tests worked, he could easily come up with the typical answers that would brand him as not being psychologically disturbed, and he also mocked the psychiatrists' attempts to profile him by folding their tests into origami. Lecter would learn a lot about Chilton, then publish papers to humiliate him.
Lecter was considered a prize asset, due to the fact he was a pure sociopath. He was designated as prisoner B Lecter was a model patient until the afternoon of July 8, After complaining of chest pains, he was taken to the infirmary. After his restraints were removed for his electrocardiogram ECG he attacked a nurse , tearing out an eye, dislocating her jaw, and biting out her tongue and eating it.
Chilton would later note that Lecter's pulse never went above 85 beats per minute," even when he swallowed [her tongue]. Following this incident, especially when Barney arrived a year after, Lecter was treated extremely carefully by the hospital staff, often outfitted with heavy restraints, a straitjacket and muzzle, and transported only when strapped to a hand-truck.
After cleaning his cell, the orderlies would secure Lecter to his bed using heavy cloths, so Lecter could exchange his restraints for his meals. His cell was fronted with a double barrier, the first being a wall of standard bars and the second a nylon net stretched across the opening, with a gap between the two too wide for Lecter to reach across.
Visitors were warned not to approach the cell, nor give him anything that could either aide escape or to injure. Chilton often showed the photograph of the nurse, partly to warn, partly for shock value.
Despite these high security measures, Lecter managed to create a handcuff key from a pen and a paperclip left in his cell by visitors, both times on Barney's day off. Lecter was eventually deemed sane enough to stand trail, and was found guilty of nine counts of murder. He was sentenced to life in the institution without the possibility of parole.
Chilton and Lecter's relationship was marked by mutual hatred; Chilton's status as a psychologist, his mediocrity and inflated self-importance offended Lecter, who often humiliated his keeper; while Lecter's constant mockery and elusiveness infuriated Chilton, who punished him by removing his books and toilet seat. At the end of Red Dragon, Lecter diagnosed this form of punishment as indicative of the damnation of society by half-measures: "Any rational society would kill me, or give me my books.
During the investigation of Buffalo Bill, the two would also discuss Clarice Starling. During his time in the hospital, Lecter corresponded with many people from the psychiatric world, writing and publishing excellent essays and theories, as long as they were not related to his case. One article he wrote on Surgical Addiction was highly rated. Lecter's mail was enormous when he was first committed, taking an orderly ten minutes to remove staples, but his mail declined over the years.
He would also heavily criticize articles, in one instance he made Dr. Doemling cry after an extremely harsh review. Graham came out of retirement in to offer his insight on the "Tooth Fairy" case and upon arriving at a dead end, went to Lecter for help. Lecter gave Graham some valuable insights into the Tooth Fairy, but upon learning about the case, secretly sent a coded message to the killer, Francis Dolarhyde , to kill Graham and his family which would later result in Graham's permanent disfigurement and decline into alcoholism.
Starling, initially assuming the assignment was related to her studies, ended up getting him to help the FBI in the Buffalo Bill case, a serial killer who was skinning young women. As with the Red Dragon case, Lecter used wordplay and subtle clues to help Starling arrive at the conclusions herself. With Starling, he played a perverse game of "quid pro quo", sharing what he knew of Buffalo Bill in exchange for details of Starling's childhood.
Bilirubin is a pigment found in feces. It is the same color as Chilton's hair, Lecter's hint that the name was fake. The film adaptation changed the name to "Louis Friend," an anagram for "iron sulfide" - fool's gold. Starling then visited Lecter at his makeshift cell, and he gave her some final clues before making a bloody escape. Using his handcuff key, he slipped his cuffs and brutally killed two police officers during the ordeal.
He escaped by making a "mask" from the face of one of the officers, donning the officer's uniform and pretending to be his own still-living victim so that he would be hurried away by ambulance while the authorities hunted for him. The murdered officer, Pembry, was dressed up to look like Lecter and dropped onto the elevator. After Buffalo Bill revealed to be Jame Gumb was killed by Starling, Lecter sent letters stating he wanted revenge on Chilton for the mistreatment he suffered at the hospital.
Chilton soon disappeared, probably killed by Lecter. He also sent a "thank you" note to Barney for how decently he treated him, and gave him a generous tip, and a letter to Starling wishing her well. He returned to his cottage, where he hid money and another identity. After plastic surgery and the removal of his sixth finger while in Brazil, Lecter eventually relocated in Florence, Italy.
Lecter avoided reconstruction of his nose to protect his uncanny perception of fragrances. In Florence, he took the pseudonym "Dr. Fell, Lecter's charisma and expertise won him the recently vacated position of museum curator; Lecter had, of course, murdered the position's previous occupant and buried him in concrete.
Lecter's identity would be discovered by Florence detective Rinaldo Pazzi seven years after his escape from Memphis. Lecter had been going by the false name Dr.
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